Professional Computer Science Reviewer

Programming (Hardware & Software)

Hardware Components

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Executes instructions via the fetch-decode-execute cycle

Example: Intel Core i9-13900K @ 3.5 GHz
Architecture: x86-64, 24 cores (8P+16E)
                                    

Memory Systems

RAM: Volatile, temporary storage (DDR5-5600)
ROM: Non-volatile, stores firmware/BIOS
Cache: L1, L2, L3 hierarchy for speed

Storage Technologies

NVMe SSD: 7,000+ MB/s read speeds
SATA SSD: 550 MB/s, cost-effective
HDD: High capacity, slower access

Software Development

Programming Paradigms

Object-Oriented: Java, C++, Python
Functional: Haskell, Lisp, F#
Procedural: C, Pascal, COBOL
Declarative: SQL, HTML, CSS

Data Structures & Algorithms

// Python Example: Binary Search Algorithm
def binary_search(arr, target):
    left, right = 0, len(arr) - 1
    while left <= right:
        mid = (left + right) // 2
        if arr[mid] == target:
            return mid
        elif arr[mid] < target:
            left = mid + 1
        else:
            right = mid - 1
    return -1

# Time Complexity: O(log n)
                                    

Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

Planning

Requirements analysis & project scope

Design

System architecture & UI/UX design

Implementation

Coding & version control

Testing

Unit, integration & system testing

Deployment

Release & maintenance

Computer History & Evolution

Computing Timeline

3000 BCE - Ancient Computing

The Abacus: First mechanical calculation device used across ancient civilizations

Ancient Era

1837 - Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage's design featuring the first programmable computer concepts. Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer programs.

Mechanical Era

1936 - Turing Machine

Alan Turing's theoretical model that defined the foundation of computer science and artificial intelligence

Theoretical

1945 - ENIAC

First general-purpose electronic digital computer using 18,000 vacuum tubes

1st Generation

1971 - Microprocessor Era

Intel 4004: First commercial microprocessor, leading to personal computers

4th Generation

1990s - Internet Revolution

World Wide Web, HTTP protocol, and the beginning of global connectivity

Network Era

2020s - AI & Quantum

Large Language Models, Quantum Computing breakthroughs, and Edge AI

Modern Era

Computing Impact Chart

Basic Arithmetic & Logic Formulation

Number Systems

Binary (Base 2): 0, 1

11001₂ = 1×2⁴ + 1×2³ + 0×2² + 0×2¹ + 1×2⁰ = 25₁₀

Octal (Base 8): 0-7

31₈ = 3×8¹ + 1×8⁰ = 25₁₀

Hexadecimal (Base 16): 0-9, A-F

19₁₆ = 1×16¹ + 9×16⁰ = 25₁₀

Binary Converter

Boolean Logic

Basic Gates: AND (∧), OR (∨), NOT (¬)

Derived Gates: XOR (⊕), NAND, NOR

De Morgan's Laws:

¬(A ∧ B) = ¬A ∨ ¬B
¬(A ∨ B) = ¬A ∧ ¬B
                                        

XOR Truth Table

A	B	A ⊕ B	Description
0	0	0	Both false
0	1	1	Different values
1	0	1	Different values
1	1	0	Both true

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Base Converter

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Quick Reference

Binary: 1010₂ = 10₁₀

Hex: A₁₆ = 10₁₀

Logic: A ∧ B = Both true

XOR: A ⊕ B = Different values