RTU Reviewer

Mga Uri ng Barayti ng Wika

Ang barayti ng wika ay mga natatanging paraan ng paggamit ng wika batay sa konteksto, rehiyon, grupo, layunin, o kultura, na nagpapayaman sa komunikasyon.

• Idyolek: Natatanging wika ng indibidwal.
  • "Magandang Gabi Bayan" ni Noli De Castro.
  • "Weather weather lang yan" ni Kuya Kim.
  • "Chillax lang, bro" ng estudyante.
  • Paliwanag: Nagbabago batay sa karanasan at media.
• Dayalek: Wikang umuunlad sa rehiyon.
  • Tagalog: Bakit? | Batangas: Bakit ga?
  • Ilokano: Anyay? | Cebuano: Ngano?
  • Bicolano: Dai? | Waray: Nano?
  • Paliwanag: Nagbibigay ng pagkakakilanlan.
• Sosyolek: Wikang grupo batay sa katayuang sosyal.
  • Repapis, ala na aku datung eh.
  • "Petmalu" at "werpa" ng kabataan.
  • "Lit na lit" sa social media.
  • Paliwanag: Nagbabago ayon sa uso.
• Etnolek: Salitang mula sa etnolinggwistikong grupo.
  • Vakuul - Ivatan headgear.
  • Bahag - Igorot attire.
  • Salakot - Tagalog hat.
  • Paliwanag: Nagpapakita ng pamana.
• Ekolek: Pamilyar na salita sa bahay.
  • Palikuran - Banyo.
  • Silid tulugan - Kwarto.
  • Kusina - "Kitch."
  • Paliwanag: Nagdudulot ng pagkakakilanlan.
• Pidgin: Walang pormal na gramatika.
  • Ako kita ganda babae.
  • Kayo bili alak akin.
  • Ako gusto kape now.
  • Paliwanag: Pansamantalang komunikasyon.
• Creole: May estruktura mula sa pinaghalong wika.
  • Mi Nombre - Pangalan ko.
  • Chavacano: Cosa tu quiere?
  • Di donde lugar to?
  • Paliwanag: Maaaring opisyal.
• Rejister: Espesyalisadong wika.
  • Jejemon: Jejeje, h3ll0w p0wh.
  • Lodi - Papuri.
  • Binabaliktad: Olah (Halo).
  • Paliwanag: Nagbabago ayon sa social media.
• Jargon: Salita ng propesyon.
  • AWOL - Absent Without Leave.
  • Firewall - Cybersecurity.
  • Ctrl-Alt-Delete - IT.
  • Paliwanag: Nagpapabilis ng komunikasyon.

References:

• Pormal at Di-Pormal na Salita
• Antas ng Wika

Speech Styles

Speech styles adapt to formality, context, and audience.

• Frozen Style: Static, ceremonial.
  • National anthem, vows.
  • Constitution preamble.
  • Baptismal rites.
  • Paliwanag: Preserves tradition.
• Formal Style: Avoids slang.
  • Meetings, lectures.
  • SONA, speeches.
  • Boardroom talks.
  • Paliwanag: Emphasizes clarity.
• Consultative Style: Two-way.
  • Doctor-patient talks.
  • Parent-teacher meetings.
  • Job reviews.
  • Paliwanag: Balances professionalism.
• Casual Style: Informal.
  • Chats, social media.
  • Viber messages.
  • Coffee shop talks.
  • Paliwanag: Reflects trends.
• Intimate Style: Personal.
  • Family talks.
  • Nicknames: Bae, Bunso.
  • Inside jokes.
  • Paliwanag: Strengthens bonds.

Purpose of Speech

Speeches inform, persuade, or entertain.

• Inform: Seminars, news.
• Persuade: Campaigns, advocacy.
• Entertain: Comedy, storytelling.

Kinesics

Body language conveys meaning.

• Nodding, crossed arms.
• Eye contact for confidence.
• Paliwanag: Cultural differences affect interpretation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s five-tier pyramid explains motivation.

1. Physiological Needs: Survival requirements.
   • Air, water, food.
   • Rest for health.
   • Clean air in cities.
   • Paliwanag: Critical for survival.
2. Safety Needs: Protection.
   • Housing, finances.
   • Safe neighborhoods.
   • Health insurance.
   • Paliwanag: Enables higher needs.
3. Love and Belongingness: Relationships.
   • Friendship, family.
   • School clubs.
   • Fiestas.
   • Paliwanag: Fosters acceptance.
4. Esteem Needs: Self-respect.
   • Achievement, prestige.
   • Degrees, promotions.
   • Awards.
   • Paliwanag: Builds confidence.
5. Self-Actualization: Realizing potential.
   • Art, writing.
   • Volunteering.
   • Mastering skills.
   • Paliwanag: Achieves fulfillment.

Definitions

• Self-Esteem: Confidence in worth.
• Self-Concept: Beliefs about self.
• Self-Confidence: Trust in abilities.
• Halimbawa: Public speaking confidence.
• Halimbawa: Positive self-concept from family.

Nuclear Physics

Studies atomic nuclei and energy production.

• Nuclear Fission: Heavy nucleus splits.
  • Uranium-235 in reactors.
  • Plutonium-239 in bombs.
  • Chain reaction in plants.
  • Paliwanag: Controlled for electricity.
  • Example: Fukushima reactor uses U-235 fission.
• Nuclear Fusion: Light nuclei combine.
  • Hydrogen in sun.
  • ITER experiments.
  • Deuterium-tritium fusion.
  • Paliwanag: More energy, harder to control.
  • Example: Sun’s core fuses 620 million tons of hydrogen per second.

Mechanics

Studies motion and forces.

• Momentum: Mass × velocity (\( p = mv \)).
  • Car crash: Higher mass, more momentum.
  • Bullet: High velocity, high momentum.
  • Paliwanag: Conserved in collisions.
• Potential Energy: Energy due to position (\( PE = mgh \)).
  • Water in dam: High height, high PE.
  • Roller coaster at peak.
  • Paliwanag: Converts to kinetic energy.
• Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion (\( KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 \)).
  • Moving car: Higher speed, more KE.
  • Spinning wind turbine blades.
  • Paliwanag: Drives mechanical work.

Thermodynamics

Studies heat and energy transfer.

• First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed (\( \Delta U = Q - W \)).
  • Boiling water: Heat adds energy.
  • Car engine: Fuel energy to motion.
  • Paliwanag: Total energy constant.
• Second Law: Entropy increases in isolated systems.
  • Ice melting: Order to disorder.
  • Gas spreading in room.
  • Paliwanag: Limits engine efficiency.
• Conduction, Convection, Radiation:
  • Conduction: Metal spoon in hot soup.
  • Convection: Boiling water currents.
  • Radiation: Sun warming Earth.
  • Paliwanag: Drives heat transfer.

Geology

Explores Earth’s structure and processes.

• Convergent Plate: Plates collide.
  • Himalayas (India-Asia).
  • Andes (Nazca-South America).
  • Marianas Trench.
  • Paliwanag: Forms mountains, trenches.
  • Example: Taal Volcano from subduction.
• Layers of Earth:
  • Crust: 5-70 km, granite, basalt.
    • Asia’s continental crust.
    • Pacific oceanic crust.
  • Mantle: 2,890 km, drives tectonics.
    • Peridotite upper mantle.
    • Volcanic magma.
  • Core:
    • Inner: Solid, ~5,400°C, iron-nickel.
    • Outer: Liquid, ~6,000°C, magnetic field.
    • Shields solar radiation.
• Mohs Scale: Mineral hardness (1-10).

  Mineral	Hardness	Example
  Talc	1	Baby powder
  Gypsum	2	Drywall
  Calcite	3	Limestone
  Fluorite	4	Fluoride toothpaste
  Apatite	5	Teeth enamel
  Orthoclase	6	Granite
  Quartz	7	Sand
  Topaz	8	Gemstone
  Corundum	9	Ruby
  Diamond	10	Jewelry

Astronomy

Studies celestial objects and universe evolution.

• Universe Age: ~13.8 billion years.
  • Planck satellite data.
  • Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
  • Paliwanag: Cosmic background radiation evidence.
• Hubble's Theory: Universe expands (\( v = H_0 D \)).
  • Redshift in spectra.
  • Hubble Telescope observations.
  • Paliwanag: Galaxies recede faster with distance.
• Crater: Depression from impacts.
  • Barringer Crater, Arizona.
  • Lunar Tycho crater.
  • Paliwanag: Records planetary history.
• Star Life Cycle:
  • Nebula: Gas cloud forms stars.
  • Main Sequence: Sun’s current phase.
  • Red Giant: Sun in ~5 billion years.
  • White Dwarf: Sun’s end stage.
  • Paliwanag: Massive stars end in supernovae.

Biology

Studies living organisms and processes.

• Cell Structure:
  • Prokaryotic: No nucleus.
    • E. coli in gut.
    • Cyanobacteria in oceans.
  • Eukaryotic: Nucleus, organelles.
    • Human skin cells.
    • Plant leaf cells.
• Photosynthesis: \( 6CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{\text{light}} C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \).
  • In chloroplasts.
  • Produces glucose, oxygen.
  • Supports food chains.
  • Example: Mangroves in Philippines produce oxygen.
• DNA Structure: Double helix, genetic code.
  • Nucleotides: A, T, C, G.
  • Genes code proteins.
  • Replication for division.
  • Example: DNA testing for paternity.
• Mitosis: Cell division for growth.
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align.
  • Anaphase: Chromosomes separate.
  • Telophase: Nuclei form.
  • Paliwanag: Produces identical cells.

Chemistry

Studies matter’s composition and reactions.

• Periodic Table: Elements by atomic number.

  Atomic Number	Symbol	Name	Atomic Mass
  1	H	Hydrogen	1.008
  2	He	Helium	4.002
  3	Li	Lithium	6.941
  4	Be	Beryllium	9.012
  5	B	Boron	10.811
  6	C	Carbon	12.011
  7	N	Nitrogen	14.007
  8	O	Oxygen	15.999
  9	F	Fluorine	18.998
  10	Ne	Neon	20.180
  11	Na	Sodium	22.990
  12	Mg	Magnesium	24.305
  13	Al	Aluminum	26.982
  14	Si	Silicon	28.085
  15	P	Phosphorus	30.974
  16	S	Sulfur	32.06
  17	Cl	Chlorine	35.45
  18	Ar	Argon	39.948
  19	K	Potassium	39.098
  20	Ca	Calcium	40.078
  26	Fe	Iron	55.845
  29	Cu	Copper	63.546
  92	U	Uranium	238.029
  94	Pu	Plutonium	244.064

• Subatomic Particles:
  • Proton: Positive, ~1 amu.
  • Neutron: Neutral, ~1 amu.
  • Electron: Negative, ~1/2000 amu.
  • Carbon-12: 6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons.
• Dalton's Atomic Theory: Atoms indivisible, identical for element.
  • Oxygen: 8 protons.
  • H₂O fixed ratios.
  • Paliwanag: Basis of modern chemistry.
• Chemical Reactions:
  • Combination: \( A + B \to AB \).
    • \( 2H_2 + O_2 \to 2H_2O \).
    • Iron + Sulfur → Iron sulfide.
    • Example: Ammonia synthesis (\( N_2 + 3H_2 \to 2NH_3 \)).
  • Decomposition: \( AB \to A + B \).
    • \( 2H_2O \to 2H_2 + O_2 \).
    • Calcium carbonate → Lime + CO₂.
    • Example: Sugar fermentation to ethanol.
  • Single Displacement: \( A + BC \to AC + B \).
    • \( Zn + CuSO_4 \to ZnSO_4 + Cu \).
    • Iron + HCl → Iron chloride + H₂.
    • Example: Aluminum displacing copper in solution.
  • Double Displacement: \( AB + CD \to AD + CB \).
    • \( AgNO_3 + NaCl \to AgCl + NaNO_3 \).
    • Barium chloride + Sodium sulfate → Barium sulfate + NaCl.
    • Example: Soap formation from NaOH and fat.

Environmental Science

Examines human-environment interactions.

• Carbon Cycle: Carbon moves via respiration, photosynthesis.
  • CO₂ from cars absorbed by plants.
  • Deforestation increases CO₂.
  • Paliwanag: Balances atmospheric CO₂.
  • Example: Philippine mangroves store carbon.
• Biomes: Ecological communities.
  • Tropical rainforest: Philippines.
  • Coral reefs: Tubbataha.
  • Grasslands: Central Luzon.
  • Paliwanag: Support biodiversity.
• Pollution:
  • Air: Smog from vehicles.
  • Water: Plastic in Pasig River.
  • Soil: Pesticide contamination.
  • Example: Manila Bay cleanup efforts.
• Renewable Energy:
  • Solar: Panels in Batangas.
  • Wind: Bangui wind farm.
  • Hydropower: Magat Dam.
  • Paliwanag: Reduces fossil fuel use.

Ecology

Studies organism interactions and environments.

• Food Chain: Energy transfer.
  • Phytoplankton → Fish → Humans.
  • Grass → Carabao → Tiger.
  • Paliwanag: Shows energy flow.
• Trophic Levels:
  • Producers: Plants, algae.
  • Primary Consumers: Herbivores (e.g., cows).
  • Secondary Consumers: Carnivores (e.g., snakes).
  • Paliwanag: Energy decreases up levels.
• Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen for proteins.
  • Bacteria fix nitrogen in soil.
  • Plants absorb nitrates.
  • Animals eat plants.
  • Paliwanag: Essential for life.

Statistics

Analyzes data for patterns.

• Mean, Median, Mode:
  • Mean: Sum ÷ count.
  • Median: Middle value.
  • Mode: Most frequent.
  • {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} → Mean = 2.4, Median = 2, Mode = 2.
  • {10, 20, 20, 30} → Mean = 20, Median = 20, Mode = 20.
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative:
  • Qualitative: Descriptive (eye color).
  • Quantitative: Numerical (weight).
  • Qualitative: Blood type; Quantitative: Blood pressure.
• Normal Curve: Bell-shaped.
  • Adult heights.
  • Exam scores.
  • Paliwanag: Predicts data spread.
• Percentile: Data below value.
  • 75th percentile: 75% below.
  • 90th percentile in exams.
  • Paliwanag: Measures ranking.
• Discrete vs. Continuous:
  • Discrete: Countable (cars).
  • Continuous: Measurable (distance).
  • Discrete: Votes; Continuous: Race time.

Functions

Given \( f(x) = 3x + 2 \), \( g(x) = 4 - 5x \):

• \( (f + g)(x) = -2x + 6 \)
• \( (f - g)(x) = 8x - 2 \)
• \( (f \times g)(x) = -15x^2 + 2x + 8 \)
• \( (f / g)(x) = \frac{3x + 2}{4 - 5x}, x \neq \frac{4}{5} \)
• \( (f \circ g)(x) = -15x + 14 \)
• \( (g \circ f)(x) = -15x - 1 \)

Interest

• Simple Interest: \( \text{SI} = P \times I \times N \).
  • $2,000 at 4% for 3 years = $240.
  • $5,000 at 3% for 2 years = $300.
  • Paliwanag: Linear growth.
• Compound Interest: \( \text{CI} = P \left[ (1 + i)^n - 1 \right] \).
  • $10,000 at 5% for 3 years = $1,576.25.
  • $1,000 at 6% for 2 years = $123.60.
  • Paliwanag: Exponential growth.

Inverse Function

If \( f(x) = 5x - 7 \), then \( f^{-1}(y) = \frac{y + 7}{5} \).

• \( f(3) = 8 \), so \( f^{-1}(8) = 3 \).
• If \( f(x) = 2x + 3 \), then \( f^{-1}(y) = \frac{y - 3}{2} \).
• Paliwanag: Reverses function output.

Univariate vs. Bivariate Data

• Univariate: Single variable (test scores).
• Bivariate: Two variables (height vs. weight).
• Univariate: Temperature; Bivariate: Rainfall vs. crop yield.

Word Problems

Problem 1: Sum of three consecutive multiples of seven is 168. Find middle number.

Solution: Let \( x \) be middle. Then: \( (x - 7) + x + (x + 7) = 168 \).

\[ 3x = 168 \implies x = 56 \]

Middle number: 56.

Problem 2: Abigail is three years older than half Susan’s age. In twelve years, Susan’s age will be seven more than three quarters of Abigail’s. Find Abigail’s age.

Solution: Let \( x \) be Abigail’s age. Susan’s age = \( 2(x - 3) \). In 12 years: \( 0.75(x + 12) + 7 = 2(x - 3) + 12 \).

\[ 0.75x + 16 = 2x + 6 \implies 1.25x = 10 \implies x = 8 \]

Abigail: 8 years old.

Problem 3: Rectangle’s perimeter is 34 cm, length is 5 cm more than width. Find dimensions.

Solution: Let width = \( w \). Length = \( w + 5 \). Perimeter: \( 2(w + (w + 5)) = 34 \).

\[ 4w + 10 = 34 \implies 4w = 24 \implies w = 6 \]

Width = 6 cm, Length = 11 cm.

Problem 4: Two numbers sum to 15, product is 56. Find numbers.

Solution: Let numbers be \( x \), \( y \). Then: \( x + y = 15 \), \( x \cdot y = 56 \).

Quadratic: \( x(15 - x) = 56 \implies x^2 - 15x + 56 = 0 \).

\[ (x - 7)(x - 8) = 0 \implies x = 7, 8 \]

Numbers: 7, 8.

Problem 5: Boat travels 24 km downstream in 2 hours, upstream in 3 hours. Find boat’s speed and current speed.

Solution: Let boat speed = \( b \), current = \( c \). Downstream: \( b + c = \frac{24}{2} = 12 \). Upstream: \( b - c = \frac{24}{3} = 8 \).

Add: \( 2b = 20 \implies b = 10 \). Subtract: \( 2c = 4 \implies c = 2 \).

Boat: 10 km/h, Current: 2 km/h.

Overview

Philippine history reflects indigenous roots, colonial influences, and independence struggles.

Pre-Colonial Era (Before 1521)

• Society: Barangays led by datus.
  • Tondo, Maynila.
  • Sulu Sultanate.
  • Women as priestesses.
  • Paliwanag: Decentralized governance.
• Culture: Animism, epics, Baybayin.
  • Alibata script.
  • Tattooing status.
  • Kaingin rituals.
  • Paliwanag: Rich oral traditions.
• Economy: Agriculture, trade.
  • Gold trade with Borneo.
  • Barter markets.
  • Textile exports.
  • Paliwanag: Thriving trade networks.

Ferdinand Magellan and Early European Contact (1521)

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer sailing for Spain, arrived in 1521, marking the first European contact with the Philippines.

• Voyage: Led first circumnavigation (1519–1522).
  • Sailed from Spain, reached Homonhon.
  • Named Philippines “Archipelago of San Lazarus.”
  • Paliwanag: Proved Earth’s roundness.
• Arrival in Cebu: Allied with Rajah Humabon.
  • Baptized Humabon and 800 natives.
  • Planted cross in Cebu (1521).
  • Paliwanag: Introduced Christianity.
• Death: Killed in Battle of Mactan (1521).
  • Fought Lapu-Lapu’s forces.
  • Outnumbered, died in combat.
  • Paliwanag: Showed native resistance.
• Legacy: Expedition completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
  • Sparked Spanish interest in Philippines.
  • Opened trade routes.
  • Paliwanag: Catalyst for colonization.

Spanish Colonization (1565–1898)

• Establishment: Legazpi founded Cebu (1565), Manila (1571).
  • Galleon trade (1565–1815).
  • Fort Santiago.
  • San Miguel, Cebu.
  • Paliwanag: Established Spanish rule.
• Governance: Encomienda, Governor-General.
  • Forced labor, tribute.
  • Alcalde mayor.
  • Polo y servicio.
  • Paliwanag: Exploitative system.
• Religion: Catholic conversion.
  • San Agustin Church (1607).
  • Jesuit missions.
  • Syncretism with folk beliefs.
  • Paliwanag: Spread Catholicism.
• Resistance: Revolts, Propaganda Movement.
  • Dagami Revolt (1567).
  • Tamblot Revolt (1621).
  • La Solidaridad newspaper.
  • Paliwanag: Pushed for reforms.

Jose Rizal and the Propaganda Movement

Jose Rizal, the national hero, led reform efforts through writings and advocacy.

• Life: Born June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna.
  • Studied at Ateneo, UST, and Europe.
  • Multilingual: 22 languages.
  • Paliwanag: Educated reformist.
• Works: Novels exposed Spanish abuses.
  • Noli Me Tangere (1887): Depicted social injustices.
  • El Filibusterismo (1891): Advocated reform.
  • Essays in La Solidaridad.
  • Paliwanag: Sparked nationalist sentiment.
• La Liga Filipina: Founded 1892 for civic reform.
  • Aimed for education, unity.
  • Disbanded after Rizal’s arrest.
  • Paliwanag: Precursor to Katipunan.
• Exile and Death: Exiled to Dapitan (1892), executed 1896.
  • Built schools, hospitals in Dapitan.
  • Shot at Bagumbayan (now Luneta).
  • Paliwanag: Martyrdom fueled revolution.
• Legacy: Inspired Katipunan, national hero.
  • Rizal Day: December 30.
  • Monuments in every province.
  • Paliwanag: Symbol of Filipino identity.

Other Key Figures

• Andres Bonifacio: Founded Katipunan (1892).
  • Led Cry of Pugad Lawin (1896).
  • Organized masses for revolution.
  • Executed 1897 in Cavite conflict.
  • Paliwanag: Father of Philippine Revolution.
• Emilio Aguinaldo: First President (1899–1901).
  • Led Biak-na-Bato Republic.
  • Declared independence 1898.
  • Captured by Americans 1901.
  • Paliwanag: Led First Republic.
• GOMBURZA: Priests executed 1872.
  • Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora.
  • Accused of Cavite Mutiny role.
  • Paliwanag: Inspired reformists.

Japanese Occupation (1942–1945)

• Invasion: Bataan, Corregidor fell (1942).
  • Bataan Death March.
  • Manila fall.
  • “Asia for Asians” propaganda.
  • Paliwanag: Brutal occupation.
• Governance: Laurel’s Second Republic.
  • Puppet government.
  • Kempeitai atrocities.
  • Military administration.
  • Paliwanag: Limited autonomy.
• Resistance: Guerrillas like Hukbalahap.
  • Luzon raids.
  • Marking’s Guerrillas.
  • Allied communications.
  • Paliwanag: Sustained morale.
• Liberation: MacArthur’s return (1944–1945).
  • Leyte Gulf Battle.
  • Manila liberation.
  • Intramuros destruction.
  • Paliwanag: Ended Japanese rule.

American Period (1898–1946)

• Acquisition: Treaty of Paris (1898).
  • Philippine-American War.
  • Tirad Pass.
  • Aguinaldo’s capture.
  • Paliwanag: Established US rule.
• Governance: Civil government, Commonwealth (1935).
  • Tydings-McDuffie.
  • Philippine Assembly.
  • Jones Law.
  • Paliwanag: Prepared independence.
• Education: English-medium schools.
  • Thomasites.
  • UP (1908).
  • Pensionado program.
  • Paliwanag: Spread literacy.
• Infrastructure: Roads, buildings.
  • Rizal Avenue.
  • Baguio capital.
  • Manila railroad.
  • Paliwanag: Modernized cities.

Post-Independence (1946–Present)

• Independence: July 4, 1946; changed to June 12.
  • Treaty of Manila.
  • Third Republic.
  • Reconstruction.
  • Paliwanag: Full sovereignty.
• Challenges: Huk rebellion, martial law.
  • EDSA I (1986).
  • EDSA II (2001).
  • Moro conflict.
  • Paliwanag: Political upheavals.
• Modern Era: Democracy, disputes.
  • South China Sea (2016).
  • ASEAN integration.
  • Build, Build, Build.
  • Paliwanag: Global engagement.

Philippine Presidents

President	Term	Key Contributions/Events
Emilio Aguinaldo	1899–1901	First President; First Republic.
Manuel L. Quezon	1935–1944	Commonwealth; Tagalog promotion.
José P. Laurel	1943–1945	Japanese-sponsored republic.
Sergio Osmeña	1944–1946	Post-Quezon; war recovery.
Manuel Roxas	1946–1948	Third Republic; Bell Trade Act.
Elpidio Quirino	1948–1953	Huk amnesty; recovery.
Ramon Magsaysay	1953–1957	Anti-Huk; plane crash.
Carlos P. Garcia	1957–1961	Filipino First Policy.
Diosdado Macapagal	1961–1965	June 12 Independence.
Ferdinand E. Marcos	1965–1986	Martial law; EDSA I ouster.
Corazon C. Aquino	1986–1992	First female; democracy restored.
Fidel V. Ramos	1992–1998	Economic growth; peace talks.
Joseph Estrada	1998–2001	EDSA II ouster; corruption.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo	2001–2010	Long-serving; corruption issues.
Benigno Aquino III	2010–2016	Anti-corruption; reforms.
Rodrigo Duterte	2016–2022	War on drugs; China ties.
Ferdinand Marcos Jr.	2022–present	Economic recovery; infrastructure.